This report is the second overview by Filip Reyntjens on present developments in Rwanda and Burundi. The first one "Talking or Fighting?" (published 1999) covered the period 1998-1999. In the new publication, questions such as governance and institutions, human rights, justice, civil wars, opposition and political dialogue in Rwanda and Burundi are investigated as well as how the regional situation, resulting from the ongoing war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, has a serious destabilizing effect on the internal situation in the two countries.