The role of the three major isms of the twentieth century (Fascism, Communism and Nationalism) and their importance in the history of nine Eastern European countries (Albania, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the former Yugoslavia) is covered. Each chapter analyzes nationalism in a given country based on translations of four selected documents over four time periods: 1900-1914, 1918-1939, the Communist period, and the recent post-Communist era. The last chapter draws a general, theoretical picture of the role of nationalism in twentieth century Eastern Europe.