The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) administers oral as well as written exams for pilot certification and flight review. These exam guides teach applicants not only what to expect, but also how to exhibit subject mastery and confidence under the scrutiny of the FAA Examiner.In this series, the most consistent questions asked in each exam are provided in a question-and-answer format, with information sources for further study. Applicants facing the Instrument Rating oral exams will benefit from the topics discussed and the further study materials provided in this Instrument edition, which have been updated to reflect important FAA regulatory and procedural changes, including new or updated PTS technical subject areas.The Eighth Edition contains a new chapter on the currently hot FAA topic of "scenario-based training" (SBT), written by Arlynn McMahon (author of "Train Like You Fly"). It provides insight into these more-complex questions on how to demonstrate one's grasp of the practical application of flight training. Scenario-based questions are now an integral part of FAA Oral & Practical Exams, and FAA examiners are using them more and more often.