Afghanistan: The Next Phase takes an in-depth look at the present situation in Afghanistan by placing it in the context of the country’s tribal culture, history, and demography. It considers its association with Pakistan, with whom it shares not only a long border, but also the Pashtuns—the largest ethnic component in its population—and the rise of extremism in many parts of the Sunni world. The country faces an uncertain future as it has yet to develop the institutional structure that could transform it into an inclusive society. This book offers analysis of what the economic future holds for Afghanistan as the United States completes the withdrawal of combat troops, when the flow of foreign capital that has helped the country is likely to be reduced significantly. The authors propose a formal association of a dozen countries to chaperone the country into the future. In the absence of such an arrangement, Afghanistan could once again become a failed state, which would have repercussions around the world.