This text is devoted to the study of non-Archimedean - and especially p-adic - mathematical physics. Basic questions about the nature and possible applications of such a theory are investigated. Interesting physical models are developed, such as the p-adic universe, where distances can be infinitely large p-adic numbers, energies and momentums. Two types of measurement algorithms are shown to exist, one generating real values and one generating p-adic values. The mathematical basis for the theory is a well developed non-Archimedean analysis, and subjects that are treated include non-Archimedean valued distributions using analytic test functions, Gaussian and Feynman non-Archimedean distributions with applications to quantum field theory, differential and pseudo-differential equations, infinite-dimensional non-Archimedean analysis, and p-adic valued theory of probability and statistics. This volume will appeal to a wide range of researchers and students whose work involves mathematical physics, functional analysis, number theory, probability theory, stochastics, statistical physics or thermodynamics.