A clear understanding of the intricate anatomy of human teeth is an essential prerequisite to all dental procedures especially in the case of root canal treatment. Anatomical relationship between the pulp and the periodontal structures plays a major role in the etiopathogenesis of the pulp or pulp periodontal lesions. Lateral canals may comprise of potential pathways through which bacteria or their products may reach the periodontal ligament and likewise. This, often overlooked aspect contribute to persistence of periapical lesion even after the completion of endodontic treatment. Therefore, this library dissertation attempts to present an overview on the origin, frequency, location, prevalence and an insight into the diagnosis and treatment of the lateral canals.