This study aimed to evaluate the chemical profile and larvicidal activity of essential oil (EO) extracted from the leaves of Pimenta dioica L. in front of the larvae of Aedes aegypti mosquito. EO was extracted by hydrodistillation, with chemical characterization by coupled gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Physicochemical parameters were determined according to the methods described in the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. The toxicity test evaluated the lethality of EO against Aedes aegypti. The CL50 was calculated for EO action against Aedes aegypti larvae using the Probit method. The larvicidal activity of EO exhibited mortality at concentrations of 10 to 100 mg L-1 and LC50 of 48.41 mg L-1. The results indicate that the evaluated EO consists of substances that have good larvicidal effect against Aedes aegypti,