Biotechnological advancements offer approaches for sustainable environmental management, owing to their capacity to tackle various environmental issues, including pollution, waste management, and resource conservation. The state of the environment is continually deteriorating due to industrialization and different human actions. Innovations must be pursued to mitigate the detrimental impact of environmental pollutants. The ubiquitous presence of microbial resources offers vast potential for developing technologies aimed at reducing the levels of harmful substances contaminating the environment. This book is focused on biotechnological applications designed to address environmental challenges associated with industrial effluents, plastic and biological wastes. The chapters in the book emphasize the microbial agents that are helpful in managing industrial and agricultural wastes.