The 210 articles which are divided into 18 sections in this new reference work represent the most recent findings in cybernetics and systems research. It brings together contributions from leading scientists from all over the world — Europe, North America, South America, Asia, Africa and Australia. This volume therefore gives a broad spectrum of the ongoing research worldwide.Topics covered in the 18 sections are: General Systems Methodology; Mathematical Systems Theory; Computer Aided Process Interpretation; Fuzzy Sets, Approximate Reasoning and Knowledge-based Systems; Designing and Systems; Biocybernetics and Mathematical Biology; Cybernetics in Medicine; Cybernetics of Socioeconomic Systems; Systems, Management and Organization; Cybernetics of National Development; Communication and Computers; Connectionism and Cognitive Processing; Intelligent Autonomous Systems; Artificial Intelligence; Impacts of Artificial Intelligence.